Estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) have been reported to play protective roles in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-mediated injury, but the detailed mechanism remains to be fully understood. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play important roles in the I/R process; however, due to the lack of sensitive and reproducible in vivo monitoring systems, we still do not have direct evidence for the effect of NO and ROS in vivo. In this study, we have established reliable in vivo monitoring systems to measure the variations in circulating ROS and NO during the I/R. We found that during the first few minutes of post-ischemia reperfusion, an oxidative burst occurred concurrent with a rapid loss of NO. Expression of ER beta in the endothelium reduced these effects that accompanied an attenuation in myocardial infarction and vascular damage. Further investigation showed that Tie2-driven lentivirus delivery of ER beta to the vascular wall in rats increased the expression of its target genes in the endothelium, including ERR alpha, SOD2 and eNOS. These changes modulate ROS generation, DNA damage, and mitochondrial function in rat endothelial cells. We also found that ER beta expression in the endothelium reduced ROS generation and restored mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes; this may be due to ER beta-mediated NO formation and its high diffusibility to cardiomyocytes. We conclude that ER beta expression in the endothelium ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-mediated oxidative burst and vascular injury. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.